What is the Difference between Sequential and Simultaneous Bilingualism?
There are two methods through which children learn multiple languages. Sequential bilingualism occurs when a child is first taught one language, and upon mastering it, begins to learn another. In contrast, simultaneous bilingualism occurs when the child learns both languages at the same time. Simultaneous bilingualism occurs within the first year of life, whereas the sequential acquisition of a second language can occur at any age.
A child who is a sequential language learner would learn one language (e.g., Spanish) until the age of 3 or older before being exposed to a second language (e.g., English). Many times, sequential learners are exposed to a second language once beginning school.
A child who is a simultaneous language learner would be spoken to in both languages (e.g., Spanish and English) with even frequency so that he or she is receiving the same amount of exposure in each language. As early as 4 months old, a child is capable of discriminating between their two languages.
Type of Bilingualism |
Pros |
Cons |
Sequential |
- A good option for children whose parents are not bilingual and rely on school or a caregiver for exposure to the second language
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- Important to acquire within the critical learning period (prior to age 12) or the language becomes much harder to learn
- 1st language “attrition,” where the first language is placed on the back burner to make room for the second language
- Child often enters a silent stage at the start as they take in the new language (e.g., are talking and all of a sudden appear to have regressed)
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Simultaneous |
- Children acquire TWO first languages
- Children can code-switch depending upon who their communication partner is (e.g., Grandma vs. teacher)
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- Potential for mixing up speech sounds or language structures
- For children who have language disorders, it may negatively impact use of either language
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